Foreign Assistance in Indian Nuclear Program
The Indian nuclear programme was not , initially, indigenous as claimed by Indian authors. Outside powers have played important role in the development of India's nuclear weapons programme.
- Canada
- France
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Russia
- Israel
CANADA SUPPLIED:
- A 40 MW nuclear research reactor (1960)
- Two 200 MW Power Reactors (1960)
- A ton of uranium oxide
- Fuel for India's first two heavy water power reactors.
FRANCE:
France helped Indian engineers in the fabrication of the un-safeguarded fast breeder test reactor at Kalpakkam.
France supplied low enriched uranium fuel for Tarapur Atomic Power Station from 1983-1993.
GERMANY SUPPLIED:
- Un-safeguarded heavy water plants (Nangal, Himachal Pradesh and Talsher, Orissa).
- Natural lithium, useful in making tritium to boost nuclear bombs.
GERMANY SOLD:
- Tele-perm process control system to the heavy water plant at Hazira, Gujrat.
- Over 200 tonnes of heavy water
- Zircaloy pipes, used as reactor fuel.
RUSSIA:
Provided two 100 MW Russian Nuclear Reactors for Kudam Kalam Power project in Tamil Nadu in 1998.
Secretly sold about 100 tonnes of heavy water to India for it's un-safeguarded reactors.
Loaned two nuclear powered Submarine got training purpose.
UNITED KINGDOM:
- Supplied turbine generator designs.
- Repaired damaged equipment of some heavy water plants .
UNITED STATES:
- Helped India in the construction of Tarapur Atomic Power Stations.
- Supplied low enriched uranium fuels
- Supplied heavy water for the CIRUS reactor yhaade plutonium for India's first nuclear bomb.
United States provided assistance and technology for establishing a plutonium reprocessing plant at Trombau which reprocessed the CIRUS fuel for 1974 nuclear explosion.
ISRAEL:
Isreal helped India by providing its scientists and research to Indian scientists.
REFERENCE:
The Nuclearization of South Asia - Kamal Matinuddin
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